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  Q1: What is a constructor in Java, and when is it called? A1: A constructor in Java is a special method used to initialize objects. It is called when an instance of a class is created, allocating memory for the object in RAM. Q2: What happens if a class in Java does not have any constructor defined? A2: If a class in Java doesn't have any constructor defined, the Java compiler provides a default constructor by default. Q3: What are the two types of constructors in Java? A3: There are two types of constructors in Java:  1. No-arg constructor (Default constructor) 2. Parameterized constructor Q4: What are the rules for creating a Java constructor? A4: The rules for creating a Java constructor are as follows: - Constructor name must be the same as its class name. - A constructor must have no explicit return type. - A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, or synchronized. Q5: What are the different access modifiers that can be used while declaring a constructor in ...

  Types of Disk I/O: Different ways to read from or write to a disk, including sequential (reading/writing data in order), direct (accessing specific locations), and buffered (using memory for efficiency). 11.2. Standard Input/Output: Default streams for input (keyboard) and output (screen) in a program, allowing interaction with users through text-based input and output operations. 11.3. Binary and Text Mode Files: Binary files store data in its raw binary format, while text mode files encode data as human-readable text, with additional processing for line breaks and encoding. 11.4. Program Record Input/Output: Input and output operations performed on groups of related data records, often used for database operations or processing structured data. 11.5. Random Access Files: Files that allow direct access to any location within them, enabling read/write operations at specific positions rather than sequentially. 11.6. Error Handling in File I/O: Techniques for detecting and managing...

1. **What are Derived units? Give examples.**    - Derived units are units of measurement that are derived from the base units of a system. They express quantities in terms of fundamental units. Examples include:      - Newton (N) for force (kg·m/s²)      - Joule (J) for energy (N·m)      - Watt (W) for power (J/s) 2. **Define Radical, Valency, Formula, and Chemical Equation.**    - Radical: A radical is a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit in chemical reactions.    - Valency: Valency is the number of chemical bonds an atom can form when it combines with other atoms in a compound.    - Formula: A formula is a representation of a chemical compound using symbols and subscripts to show the ratio of atoms in the compound.    - Chemical Equation: A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, showing the reactants and products with their respectiv...

 1. Introduction to Java:    - Java is a popular, object-oriented, high-level programming language developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle) in the mid-1990s.    - Known for its “write once, run anywhere” (WORA) philosophy, enabling platform independence through the use of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). 1.1. Java Virtual Machine:    - JVM is a crucial component of the Java platform that enables Java bytecode to be executed on various hardware and operating systems.    - It acts as an interpreter between the platform-independent Java bytecode and the underlying system.    - Example: When you run a Java program, the JVM translates the bytecode into machine code specific to your operating system and executes it. 1.2. Java Development Kit (JDK):    - The JDK is a software development kit that includes all the tools required to develop, compile, and debug Java applications.    - It contains the Java compile...

  1.1. Historical background of microprocessor The microprocessor's history dates back to the early 1970s when Intel introduced the first microprocessor, the 4004. It marked a significant shift from large, expensive computers to compact, affordable processors for various applications. 1.1.1 Evaluation of different processors Evaluating processors involves comparing their specifications, performance, power efficiency, and cost to determine the best fit for a specific application. 1.2. Processor-based personal computer A personal computer (PC) is a computer system that uses a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU) and is designed for individual use. 1.3. Bus-based microprocessor A bus-based microprocessor system uses buses (address, data, and control) to facilitate communication between different components. 1.3.1 Address, Data, and Control Buses Address bus: Transmits memory addresses. Data bus: Transfers data between the CPU and memory or peripherals. Control bus: Mana...

Chapter No. 2  Database System Legacy DB Systems    -  File Processing Systems    - Hierarchical Model    - Network Model Legacy Database Systems Legacy database systems played a crucial role in the evolution of data management, paving the way for more advanced relational database systems. Legacy Database Systems, including File Processing Systems Hierarchical Model Network Model,. 1. File Processing Systems Definition: File Processing Systems are traditional data management systems that use flat files to store and manage data. In this approach, each department or user group maintains its own set of files, leading to data redundancy. Characteristics: Data stored in flat files. No centralized control or structure. Limited data sharing and integration. Advantages: Simplicity: Easy to implement and understand. Independence: Each department has control over its data. Cost: Relatively low implementation and maintenance costs. Performance: Can be effic...

  1.1 Introduction to Database: - A database is a structured collection of data organized and stored for efficient storage, retrieval, manipulation, and management. - Databases provide a framework for managing data, allowing users and applications to interact with data in meaningful ways. - Key components and concepts include tables, fields, records, keys, queries, normalization, indexes, SQL, data integrity, transactions, security, backup and recovery. **1.2 Introducing the Database Management System** DBMS: - A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that stores, manages, manipulates, and retrieves data from a database. - It acts as an intermediary between users and the physical data stored, providing a user-friendly interface. - Key features include data storage and organization, data retrieval, data manipulation, query language, and support for data integrity. - DBMSs handle complexities of data storage and retrieval, enabling efficient management of databases. **1.3 Fiel...