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Fundamental concepts of Microprocessor architecture DAE CIT 2nd year

 


1.1. Historical background of microprocessor


The microprocessor's history dates back to the early 1970s when Intel introduced the first microprocessor, the 4004.

It marked a significant shift from large, expensive computers to compact, affordable processors for various applications.

1.1.1 Evaluation of different processors


Evaluating processors involves comparing their specifications, performance, power efficiency, and cost to determine the best fit for a specific application.

1.2. Processor-based personal computer


A personal computer (PC) is a computer system that uses a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU) and is designed for individual use.

1.3. Bus-based microprocessor


A bus-based microprocessor system uses buses (address, data, and control) to facilitate communication between different components.

1.3.1 Address, Data, and Control Buses


Address bus: Transmits memory addresses.

Data bus: Transfers data between the CPU and memory or peripherals.

Control bus: Manages control signals for data transfer and device operation.

1.4. Fundamental Control Bus


The control bus carries essential control signals like read, write, and clock signals to coordinate data transfers.

1.5. Tristate Devices in Bus-based Systems


Tristate devices have three states: high, low, and high-impedance. They are used to control bus access and avoid bus contention.

1.6. Definition of Terms


This section likely contains explanations of key terminology used in microprocessor systems.

1.7. Microcomputer Block Diagram


A block diagram illustrating the main components of a microcomputer, including the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and buses.

1.8. Memory Devices


Memory devices store data and instructions for the microprocessor, such as RAM (random-access memory) and ROM (read-only memory).

1.9. I/O Ports


Input/output (I/O) ports are used to connect external devices to the microprocessor for data input and output.

1.10. Basic Operation of Microprocessor


Describes the fundamental functioning of a microprocessor, including fetching, decoding, executing instructions, and data manipulation.

1.11. Roles of Addressing and Control Signals


Explains how addressing signals specify memory locations, and control signals manage the execution of instructions and data transfers.

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