1. **What are Derived units? Give examples.**
- Derived units are units of measurement that are derived from the base units of a system. They express quantities in terms of fundamental units. Examples include:
- Newton (N) for force (kg·m/s²)
- Joule (J) for energy (N·m)
- Watt (W) for power (J/s)
2. **Define Radical, Valency, Formula, and Chemical Equation.**
- Radical: A radical is a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit in chemical reactions.
- Valency: Valency is the number of chemical bonds an atom can form when it combines with other atoms in a compound.
- Formula: A formula is a representation of a chemical compound using symbols and subscripts to show the ratio of atoms in the compound.
- Chemical Equation: A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, showing the reactants and products with their respective chemical formulas.
3. **State postulates of Bohr's Atomic Model.**
- Bohr's Atomic Model postulates:
1. Electrons in an atom revolve in specific orbits or energy levels.
2. Electrons do not radiate energy while in their stable orbits.
3. Electrons can jump from one energy level to another by absorbing or emitting discrete amounts of energy.
4. The energy of an electron in a specific orbit is quantized.
4. **Differentiate between Atomic Mass and Atomic Number.**
- Atomic Mass: Atomic mass is the total mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.
- Atomic Number: Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It defines the element and determines its chemical properties.
5. **Define Co-Ordinate Covalent Bond. Give one example.**
- A coordinate covalent bond is a type of covalent bond where both electrons shared in the bond come from one atom. An example is the formation of ammonium ion (NH₄⁺), where a lone pair of electrons from the nitrogen atom is shared with a proton from hydrogen.
6. **Differentiate between Isotopes and Isobars.**
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
- Isobars are atoms with the same mass number (sum of protons and neutrons) but different atomic numbers.
7. **How is temporary Hardness of water removed by Clark's method?**
- Temporary hardness in water is primarily due to the presence of bicarbonates. Clark's method involves adding calcium hydroxide (lime water) to water, which reacts with the bicarbonates to form insoluble calcium carbonate (limestone), which can be easily removed by filtration.
8. **What are the disadvantages of scale formation in boilers?**
- Scale formation in boilers can lead to reduced heat transfer efficiency, increased energy consumption, boiler damage, and in extreme cases, boiler failure due to overheating.
Now, here are some questions for you:
9. Define the term "Catalyst" and provide an example of a catalyzed reaction.
10. Explain the differences between exothermic and endothermic reactions, and provide an example of each.
11. What is the purpose of a cathode in an electrochemical cell, and how does it relate to reduction?
12. Discuss the principles of chromatography and provide an example of a real-world application.
13. Define "pH" and explain its significance in chemistry. Also, provide the pH scale's range.
14. Describe the process of photosynthesis in plants and its role in the carbon cycle.
15. Explain the concept of redox reactions and provide a balanced chemical equation as an example.
16. Discuss the concept of half-life in radioactive decay and provide an example of a radioactive isotope with its half-life.
17. Define "conductors," "semiconductors," and "insulators" in terms of electrical conductivity. Provide examples of each.
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