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  Chapter N0 4                          Control Statements   4.1. Introduction and Control Statement Types   4.2. Conditional Statements   4.3. Loops   4.4. Break / Continue    4.1. Control Statement Types:   - Control statements are used in programming to control the flow of a program. There are primarily   three types:   1. Selection Statements: These are used to make decisions in the code. Common selection statements   include `if`, `else if`, and `else`.   2. Iteration Statements (Loops): These statements are used for repetitive tasks. Common iteration   statements include `for`, `while`, `do-while`, and `foreach`.   3. Jump Statements: These are used to alter the normal flow of the program. Common jump   statements include `break` and `cont...

 Importance of ASCII code? ASCII code is important for representing English characters and symbols, allowing computers to accurately communicate and display text in the English language. It forms the foundation for digital communication. Importance of Unicode? Unicode is important because it expands ASCII to include characters from different languages, ensuring compatibility and multilingual support in digital communication. It allows for accurate representation of diverse writing systems. Difference between ASCII code and unicode?

 Semantic Data Model: A semantic data model represents data, defining its meaning and relationships in a way understandable by both humans and computers. It focuses on capturing the semantics of data elements, providing an intuitive understanding of the data structure. Explanation: Semantic Layer: Introduces a layer atop physical data storage, abstracting complexities for users. Meaningful Relationships: Emphasizes the meaning of data relationships, aiding user interpretation. Ontologies and Vocabularies: Incorporates ontologies and controlled vocabularies to define relationships and standardize terms. Interoperability: Enhances integration by focusing on shared understanding of data semantics. Querying and Reasoning: Enables sophisticated queries based on data meaning, not just structure. Example: A semantic data model for a library system: Entities: Book, Author, Publisher Relationships: "Authored by" (Author to Book), "Published by" (Book to Publisher) Attributes...

 7. Generics  7.1. What is Generic Brief Explanation:Generics in Java allow you to create classes and methods that can work with different data types while maintaining type safety. They provide a way to parameterize the types used in a class or method, making the code more flexible and reusable. Programming Example Without generics: Class Box {     Private Object content;     Public void setContent(Object content) {         This.content = content;     }     Public Object getContent() {         Return content;     } } Public class Main {     Public static void main(String[] args) {         Box box = new Box();         Box.setContent(“Hello, Generics!”); // Storing a String         String message = (String) box.getContent(); // Need to cast to String         System.out.println(message);     }...

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  . Variable and Operators 1.1. Variable: Define: A variable is a named storage location in a program that holds data, and its value can be changed during the execution of the program. Syntax: datatype variableName; Explanation: Variables are used to store and manipulate data in a program. They have a data type that defines the kind of data they can hold, such as int, float, char, etc. Code int age; // Declaration of an integer variable age = 25; // Initialization of the variable with a value 1.2. Create Instance of a Variable: Define: Creating an instance of a variable involves declaring and optionally initializing a variable in a program. Syntax: datatype variableName = value; Explanation: This creates a variable and assigns an initial value to it at the time of declaration. score = 95.5  # Declaration and initialization of a floating-point variable 1.3. Use Preemptive Data Types: Define: Preemptive data types are data types that are predefined and provided by...

  Interfaces 6.1. Interface An interface in Java is a collection of abstract methods (methods without a body) and constant declarations. It provides a way to achieve abstraction in Java, allowing the definition of a set of methods that must be implemented by any class that implements the interface. Syntax: interface MyInterface {     // Declare constant(s)     int MY_CONSTANT = 42;     // Declare abstract method(s)     void myMethod(); } Explanation: Interfaces declare methods without providing a method body. They only specify what methods a class should implement. Constants in interfaces are implicitly public, static, and final. Any class implementing an interface must provide concrete implementations for all the declared methods. Programming Example: interface MyInterface {     int MY_CONSTANT = 42;     void myMethod(); } class MyClass implements MyInterface {     @Override     public void myMethod()...